Cloud computing services are increasingly being adopted by individuals and companies owing to their various advantages such as high storage and computation capacities, reliability, and low maintenance costs. The advent of cloud storage and computation services, however, comes at the expense of data security and privacy. For example, when users upload data to the cloud, they tend to lose control over their data and have little means to verify, for example, how data is processed or stored.

Therefore, customers nowadays call for end-to-end security whereby only the data owner and authorized parties can have access to the data. End-to-end security has gained even more importance after the outbreak of data breaches and massive surveillance programs around the globe last year.

At the same time, end-to-end security poses a number of new challenges to cloud providers. How can they keep their costs low by making efficient use of their resources when users upload encrypted data? How can they offer computational services over encrypted user data? How can cloud providers perform computation over user data under the requirement that they do not know the specifics of the computational algorithm?

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