Fines for infringement of competition law have dramatically risen in the last two decades, both at the EU and national levels. Records are set one after the other: from the Vitamins case (€435 million for one firm), to the Intel case (more than €1 billion), and the one in the very recent bank cartel (€1.7 billion). However, both practitioners and academics feel a need for more transparency and legal certainty as regards the methodology for setting the amounts of fines. Moreover, the intensity and scope of the judicial review, especially in light of the Strasbourg case law, calls for further analysis and discussion